Query:

Considering the “elements” of the objectives of the Just Transition Work programme, could you:

• Map the relevant COP and CMA agenda items for each of the JTWP Thematic Elements as established in Decision 3/CMA 5 (paragraph 2), and

• Identify UNFCCC constituted bodies relevant to the JTWP, assessing the respective mandates and functions of these bodies.

Advice:

1. Query 1a – Map the relevant COP and CMA agenda items for each of the JTWP Thematic Elements as established in Decision 3/CMA 5 (paragraph 2)

The following analysis is intended to provide an overview of the agenda items on the provisional agendas for COP 29, CMA 6, SBI 61 & SBSTA 61, which appear most relevant to the Just Transition Work programme (JTWP). These agenda items are considered under what we see as being the most relevant Thematic Elements for those agenda items. For completeness, we note that matters relating to finance are dealt with in the response to Query 2.

At the outset, we note that the JTWP is an agenda item in itself under the provisional agendas of SBI 61 and SBSTA 61. An informal note released by the co-chairs following SBSTA 60 and SBI 60 requested the chairs of the subsidiary bodies, in deciding on the topics to be discussed at each dialogue, consider the outcomes and lessons learned from previous dialogues.[1] To this end, the chairs of the subsidiary bodies released a joint message in July 2024 in relation to theSecond  Dialogue (which was held on 2 and 3 October 2024 in accordance with decision 3/CMA.5 paras. 3-4), noting that the focus will be on “ensuring support for people-centric and equitable just transition pathways with a focus on the whole-of-society approach and the workforce”.[2]

The draft conclusions proposed by the chairs of the subsidiary bodies following their 60^th sessions addressed the success of theFirst Dialogue and emphasised the importance of active and constructive engagement in the upcoming Second Dialogue, with a view to inform discussions under the work programme.[3] To this end, the agenda items under Thematic Elements 2, 5 and 7 below appear to be most relevant to the specific areas of focus for the Second Dialogue, as detailed in the message from the chairs. This suggests that the focus of discussions under the agenda item of the JTWP may also concern the aforementioned thematic elements, following consideration of same by the subsidiary bodies at the Second Dialogue.

The subsidiary bodies agreed to continue consideration of this matter at SBI 61, taking note of, inter alia, the informal note prepared by the chairs for these agenda items and the views submitted via the submission portal, with a view to recommending a draft decision for consideration and adoption by COP 29.[4]

THEMATIC ELEMENT 1

‘Just transition pathways to achieving the goals of the PA outlined in Article 2, paragraph 1, in the context of Article 2, paragraph 2’ (Decision 3/CMA.5 para 2(a))

The goals of Article 2, paragraph 1 are to limit the global average temperature increase, improve adaptability in respect of the adverse impacts of climate change and pursue low greenhouse gas emissions through a consistent finance flow. 

The context of Article 2, paragraph 2 involves taking the approach of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities to reflect the different national circumstances of the Parties.

The agenda items which may be relevant to this thematic element are discussed below. Thematic element 7, which relates to international cooperation as an enabler of the achievement of the goals of the Paris Agreement also includes some discussions that will be relevant to this element:

Matters Relating to the Global Stocktake

The first Global Stocktake decision contained various references to just transition, including relevant wording on fossil fuels. Paragraphs 28 d) and h) express:

‘28. Further recognizes the need for deep, rapid and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in line with 1.5 °C pathways and calls on Parties to contribute to the following global efforts, in a nationally determined manner, taking into account the Paris Agreement and their different national circumstances, pathways and approaches:

[…]

(d) Transitioning away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a just, orderly and equitable manner, accelerating action in this critical decade, so as to achieve net zero by 2050 in keeping with the science;

[…]

(h) Phasing out inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that do not address energy poverty or just transitions, as soon as possible;’

Further on the meaning of these expressions can be found in LRI legal advice.

Paragraph 42: ‘Urges Parties that have not yet done so and invites all other Parties to communicate or revise, by the sixth session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement (November 2024), their long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies referred to in Article 4, paragraph 19, of the Paris Agreement towards just transitions to net zero emissions by or around mid-century, taking into account different national circumstances;

Section E) focuses on response measures and para 140 notes that just transition of the workforce, the creation of decent work and quality jobs, and economic diversification are key to maximizing the positive and minimizing the negative impacts of response measures and that strategies related to just transition and economic diversification should be implemented taking into account different national circumstances and contexts;’

Therefore, discussions under the GST might be relevant for this thematic element of just transition, in particular the report of the GST annual dialogue, where Parties considered how the GST is informing the new rounds of NDCs[5] and the modalities of the UAE dialogue on implementing the global stocktake outcomes, where Parties are debating if including all outcomes or only finance ones.[6]

Guidance on Features of Nationally Determined Contributions

CMA 1 noted that features of NDCs are outlined in the relevant provisions of the Paris Agreement[7] and decided to continue consideration of further guidance on features of NDCs at CMA 6.[8] The CMA will be invited to consider this matter and to take any action it deems appropriate. The consideration of just transition in the NDCs, according to the guidance of the CMA, is something that might be included in the outcome of this negotiation stream.

THEMATIC ELEMENT 2

 ‘[…] Just and equitable transition, which encompasses pathways that include energy, socioeconomic, workforce and other dimensions, all of which must be based on nationally defined development priorities and include social protection so as to mitigate potential impacts associated with the transition […]’ (Decision 3/CMA.5 para 2(b))

This element concerns development and mitigation. An overview of the challenges and opportunities associated with capacity-building and technology transfer are outlined in Appendix 1.

The following agenda items may be relevant to this thematic element. Please refer to Thematic Element 5 below for further discussion surrounding workforce which is dealt with separately.

Matters relating to capacity-building

Capacity-building features prominently in the provisional agendas for CMA 6, COP 29 and SBI 61.[9]

Matters relating to technology development and transfer

A number of matters concerning technology development and transfer are planned to be addressed at COP 29 under the following agenda items: 

• Joint annual report of the Technology Executive Committee (“TEC”) and the Climate Technology Centre and Network (“CTCN”)[10]

The TEC and CTCN have prepared a joint annual report on their respective activities and the performance of their respective functions. SBI 60 and SBSTA 61 will consider the joint report and recommend draft decisions for consideration and adoption at COP 29 and CMA 6.[11]

• Technology Implementation Programme

CMA 5 established a technology implementation programme to strengthen support for the implementation of technology priorities identified by developing countries and to address the challenges identified in the first periodic assessment of the Technology Mechanism. SBI 61 will consider this matter and take into account the technology implementation programme in its consideration of the Poznan strategic programme on technology transfer, with a view to recommending a draft decision for consideration and adoption at CMA 6.[12]

These reports could include elements of just transition, and the guidance by COP or CMA could also further expand their scope their scope of action to emphasize on elements of just transition.  

Sharm El-Sheikh Mitigation Ambition + Implementation Work Programme (MWP)

The MWP was adopted at COP 27 and is expected to run until 2026. The MWP is tasked with urgently scaling up mitigation ambition and implementation in a manner that complements the global stocktake. CMA 4 decided that at least two global dialogues shall be held each year as part of the work programme, with one to be held prior to the first regular sessions of the subsidiary bodies of the year. The MWP’s scope of work covers “relevant enabling conditions, technologists, just transitions (emphasis added), and cross-cutting issues.”[13] Investment-focused events on the margins of the global dialogues also consider “the cost of mitigation implementation, with a view to unlocking finance, including for just transitions (emphasis added).”[14]The Co-Chairs of the MWP focused the 2023 dialogues on “accelerating just energy transition (emphasis added).”[15]

While the MWP focuses on scaling up mitigation efforts, the JTWP ensures these efforts are socially equitable. This means that as countries implement ambitious mitigation actions, they also consider the relevant social dimensions, ensuring that workers and communities are supported through the transition. The integration of both programmes helps to balance the urgency of reducing emissions with the need to protect and support those affected by the transition, promoting a holistic approach to climate action.

The fourth global dialogue and investment-focused event were held in Sharm el-Sheikh on 4 and 5 October 2024. The Secretariat will prepare a report on the dialogue and event and an annual report comprising a compilation of the reports on the third and fourth dialogues and investment-focused events for consideration at SBI 61 and CMA 6. The SBI and the SBSTA will be invited to continue consideration of the MWP, taking into account the Secretariat’s report, with a view to recommending a draft decision on the matter for consideration and adoption at CMA 6.[16]

THEMATIC ELEMENT 3

‘Opportunities, challenges and barriers relating to sustainable development and poverty eradication as part of transitions globally to low emissions and climate resilience, taking into account nationally defined development priorities’ (Decision 3/CMA.5 para 2(c))

This element appears to centre around poverty eradication and the means of achieving this in light of the sustainable development priorities (discussed in Thematic Element 2 above). Also relevant to this are the discussions surrounding the least developed countries and the special circumstances of Africa under Thematic Element 6 below.

The agenda items considered below appear relevant to Thematic Element 3 for the following reasons:

Sharm El-Sheikh Joint Work on Implementation of Climate Action on Agriculture and Food Security

The Sharm el-Sheikh joint work on implementation of climate action on agriculture and food security (“SJWA”) recognises the fundamental priority of safeguarding food security and ending hunger, and the particular vulnerabilities of food production systems to the adverse impacts of climate change. The SJWA complements the JTWP’s objective of poverty eradication in the following ways:

• Food Security: By focusing on climate action in agriculture, the SJWA seeks to enhance food security. Improved food security directly impacts poverty reduction by ensuring that vulnerable populations have access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food.

• Support for Farmers: The SJWA recognises the role of farmers, including smallholders and pastoralists, as key agents of change. By supporting these farmers with climate-resilient practices and technologies, the initiative helps to increase their     productivity and income. 

• Adaptation and Resilience: The SJWA promotes the adaptation of agricultural practices to climate change, making food production systems more resilient. This       resilience helps to protect the livelihoods of those dependent on agriculture, reducing    their vulnerability to climate-related shocks and stresses.

By addressing these areas, the SJWA contributes to the broader goal of poverty eradication by creating more sustainable and resilient agricultural systems. 

SBI 60 agreed on a substantive road map for the SJWA, with a range of activities to be undertaken by the Secretariat, including developing the Sharm el-Sheikh online portal for sharing information on projects, initiatives and policies for increasing opportunities for implementation of climate action to address issues related to agriculture and food security and presenting it at SBI 61.[17] SBSTA 61 and the SBI 61 will be continue consideration of this matter with a view to determining next steps.[18]

THEMATIC ELEMENT 4

‘Approaches to enhancing adaptation and climate resilience at the national and international level’ (Decision 3/CMA.5 para 2(d))

This element appears to centre predominantly around the concept of adaptation, the achievement of which is underpinned by the need for international cooperation and finance. The following agenda items may be relevant to this thematic element.

Adaptation Committee

In previous years, the focus on adaptation has often been overshadowed by mitigation; however, with more frequent climate change impacts being felt, robust adaptation strategies are essential to pave the way for developing sustainable models that provide resilience and justice to all of society.

COP 29 will be invited to take any action that it deems appropriate in relation to matters relating to adaptation, on the basis of recommendations from the SBSTA and SBI.[19] To that end, there are three joint SBSTA 61 and SBI agenda items for matters relating to adaptation:[20]

Matters relating to the global goal on adaptation

Paragraph 1 of Article 7 of the Paris Agreement established the global goal on adaptation of enhancing adaptive capacity, strengthening resilience and reducing vulnerability to climate change, with a view to contributing to sustainable development and ensuring an adequate adaptation response in the context of the temperature goal referred to in Article 2.

At paragraph 38 of decision 2/CMA.5, the COP requested that the SBI and SBSTA initiate consideration of matters relating to the global goal on adaptation with a view to providing recommendations for consideration and adoption by COP 70, focusing on the following:[21]

• the exchange of knowledge, experience and information related to implementing the United Arab Emirates Framework for Global Climate Resilience;

• the identification of potential future global stocktakes related to achieving the global goal on adaptation, including by considering how the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience can facilitate the analysis of information required for assessing progress towards the goal;

• the enhancement of understanding of, inter alia, the risks and impacts associated with different temperature increases across different regions;

• the opportunities for building on the best available science to provide information relevant to facilitating implementation of the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience; and

• the development of terms of reference for reviewing the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience, including the time frame for the review.

At SBSTA 61 and SBI 60, the subsidiary bodies will continue to consider the following matters, with a view to providing recommendations thereon for consideration and adoption at CMA 6 or CMA 7:

• The Parties are to submit their views on matters related to paragraph 38 of decision 2/CMA.5, with Parties and non-Party stakeholders to submit information on existing indicators for measuring progress towards the targets referred to in paragraphs 9 and 10 of decision 2/CMA.5 in use at the local, national, regional and global level.

• The Chairs are to prepare a compilation and mapping of existing indicators relevant to measuring progress towards the targets referred to in paragraphs 9-10 of decision 2/CMA.5 and convene technical experts to assist in the work under the UAE-Belem work programme on indicators for measuring progress achieved towards the targets referred to above.

• The Secretariat was tasked with organising a hybrid workshop which is due to be held on 8 & 9 October 2024 for Parties and the technical experts following the completion of the mapping exercise, and the Secretariat is to publish the refined mapping of indicators as part of a report on the workshop prior to CMA 6.

• The Parties are to consider (or continue considering) matters relating to the UAE-Belem work programme.

Report of the Adaptation Committee

This is an annual agenda item. The subsidiary bodies will consider the report of the Adaptation Committee for 2024 with a view to recommending draft decisions on this matter for consideration and adoption at COP 29 and CMA 6.

Review of the progress, effectiveness and performance of the Adaptation Committee

This agenda item has been carried on from (most recently) SB 60. The subsidiary bodies will continue to review the progress, effectiveness and performance of the Adaptation Committee with a view to recommending draft decisions thereon for consideration and adoption at COP 29 and CMA 6.

National Adaptation Plans

In response to the 2023 Global Stocktake, all Parties are required to commit to producing a National Adaptation Plan (“NAP”) by 2025 at the latest, and support is to be enhanced for their implementation.

COP 26 requested SBI 60 to initiate the assessment of progress in the process to formulate and implement NAPs and decided on the actions and steps necessary for the SBI to initiate the assessment.[22]

A meeting of Party experts organised by the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (the “LEG”) in collaboration with the Adaptation Committee was held from 23 to 25 April 2024 in Dhaka, Bangladesh, in conjunction with the 2024 NAP Expo.

SBI 60 initiated the aforementioned assessment. The SBI took note of the informal note prepared by the co-facilitators for the agenda sub-item at SBI 60 and decided to continue consideration of this matter and the informal note at SBI 61.

The SBI will be invited to conclude consideration of this matter, with a view to recommending a draft decision thereon, for consideration and adoption at COP 29.

THEMATIC ELEMENT 5

‘Just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs in accordance with nationally defined development priorities, including through social dialogue, social protection and the recognition of labour rights‘ (Decision 3/CMA.5 para 2(e))

This element appears to centre predominantly around the workforce, jobs and labour rights. It aims to address the challenges arising from the closures greenhouse gas intensive industries and reconversion processes, which face social protection and gender equality barriers in developing countries. In this regard, the following agenda items may be relevant.

Gender and Climate Change

The enhanced five-year Lima work programme on gender and its gender action plan was adopted at COP 25 and has since been under the consideration of the SBI.[23] SBI 60 initiated the final review of this matter, and a draft text was prepared. SBI 61 will be invited to conclude consideration of this matter with a view to recommending a draft decision for consideration and adoption at COP 29.[24]

In addition, COP 25 requested the Secretariat to prepare a compilation and synthesis report on the implementation of gender-responsive climate policies, plans, strategies and action, and to continue preparing an annual report on gender composition.[25] SBI 61 will be invited to consider the synthesis report along with the 2024 report on gender composition,[26] and COP 29 will be invited to take any action it deems appropriate on the basis of the recommendations of the SBI.[27]

Forum on the Impact of the Implementation of Response Measures (the “Forum”)

COP 24 acknowledged that a single forum on the impact of the implementation of response measures should be established to cover the work of the CMA, COP and CMP on all matters relating to the impact of the implementation of response measures.[28] COP 25 adopted the workplan of the Forum and the Katowice Committee of Experts on the Impacts of the Implementation of Response Measures (“KCI”) (which supports the Forum to implement the work programme), and COP 28 adopted the updated functions, work programme and modalities of the Forum and the KCI.

As per the KCI, “the negative impacts of response measures exacerbate vulnerabilities by further compounding inequalities across generations and genders”.

A draft text was released by the subsidiary bodies in December 2023 following the review of the functions, work programme and modalities of the Forum at SBI and SBSTA 59.

The draft text notes that the Parties expressed the view that the Forum has not effectively performed its functions and that the work of the KCI has been constrained by the prescriptive modalities. Furthermore, it notes that the exchange and sharing of experience and best practices in relation to the just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs, is not due to take place until SBI 62.[29]

The subsidiary bodies agreed to forward this matter to the COP, CMP and CMA for further guidance, in light of the draft text.[30] A global dialogue took place in September 2024, immediately prior to the 11^th meeting of the KCI. COP 28 requested the KCI to propose updates to its rules of procedure for consideration by the Forum, with a view to the Forum providing recommendations to the subsidiary bodies. To this end, the subsidiary bodies are expected to provide recommendations on these rules for consideration and adoption at COP 29.[31]

COP 28 also decided that the Forum shall develop and recommend a five-year workplan, taking into account relevant policy issues of concern to Parties. SB 60 initiated the development of the five-year workplan, and a non-paper was prepared by the co-chairs. The non-paper notes, inter alia, that some Parties are of the view that the activities under the Forum’s work area of “just transition of the workforce and the creation of decent work and quality jobs” can be considered elsewhere[32]. Consideration of this matter is due to continue at SB 61, and the subsidiary bodies are expected to recommend a draft decision on the workplan for consideration and adoption at COP 29.[33]

THEMATIC ELEMENT 6

‘Inclusive and participatory approaches to just transitions that leave no one behind’ (Decision 3/CMA.5 para 2(f))

This element appears to centre around the combined efforts necessary to ensure each nation is supported, with the focus being on an approach that leaves no one behind, particularly the least developed countries. The following agenda items may be relevant to this thematic element.

Matters relating to the Least Developed Countries

The Least Developed Countries Expert Group (“LEG”) is mandated to develop a two-year rolling programme of work for consideration by the SBI, and to report on its work to the SBI at each of its sessions.

SBI 59 requested the LEG to identify the challenges faced by the least developed countries in initiating and/or completing the process of accrediting direct access entities, as well as the challenges, gaps and needs faced by the least developed countries in having projects approved for funding by their direct access entities. The 46th meeting of the LEG took place from 19-22 August 2024 in Ethiopia, and the findings included in the LEG’s report from this meeting are due to be considered at SBI 61.[34]

COP 26 decided that the next review of the LEG’s mandate will take place at COP 36. However, COP 31 will review the progress and terms of reference of the Group, as a way to reflect on the evolving needs of the least developed countries.[35]

To this end, the SBI will be invited to consider the work of the LEG and to outline the steps for the stocktake of the Group’s work, for consideration and adoption at COP 29.[36]

Special needs and circumstances of Africa

This matter has been included in the provisional agenda for sessions of the CMA since CMA 3. At these sessions, consultations on this matter were undertaken by the respective Presidents but Parties were unable to reach a consensus on the way forward.

The focus on climate finance was top of the agenda for Africa going into the Bonn Climate Conference 2024, given the existing finance needs, of which the continent has only received 12% of the $ 2.4 trillion of investment needed by 2030. This 12% reflects the possibility of a great risk that needs to be overcome to ensure a sustainable future for the continent.[37]

On 6 June 2024, the Secretariat received a request from Kenya on behalf of the African Group to include this matter in the provisional agenda for CMA 6. The CMA will be invited to take any action it deems appropriate.[38]

Matters relating to Action for Climate Empowerment

COP 26 and CMA 3 adopted the Glasgow work programme on Action for Climate Empowerment and requested the SBI to consider the annual summary report prepared by the Secretariat on progress in implementing activities under the work programme.

SBI 59 considered the 2023 summary report but could not conclude consideration of this matter. The matter was subsequently included in the agenda for SBI 60 but, again, SBI 60 could not conclude consideration of the 2023 summary report. 

As such, SBI 61 will be invited to continue consideration of the 2023 summary report, taking into account the informal note prepared by the co-facilitators at SBI 60, along with consideration of the 2024 summary report .[39]

THEMATIC ELEMENT 7

“International cooperation as an enabler of just transition pathways towards achieving the goals of the PA” (Decision 3/CMA.5 para 2(g))

This element appears to centre predominantly around co-operation between nations, with the aim being to achieve the Paris Agreement (“PA”) goals through international support and partnerships.

Matters related to Article 6 of the Paris Agreement

• Guidance on cooperative approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 2, of the PA and in decision 2/CMA.3

Article 6, paragraph 2 of the PA refers, inter alia, to voluntary cooperation that involves the use of internationally transferred mitigation outcomes towards nationally determined contributions. It also refers to the promotion of sustainable development, environmental integrity and transparency.

CMA 5 requested SBSTA 60 to continue consideration of relevant matters mandated in decision 6/CMA.4, specifically paragraphs 16-17 thereof, with a view to recommending a draft decision for consideration and adoption at CMA 6.

SBSTA 60 took note of the draft text prepared for the agenda sub-item at that session, noting that it does not represent consensus among Parties, and it was agreed to hold an intersessional workshop and to continue consideration of that text at SBSTA 61.[40] The SBSTA will be invited to continue consideration of these matters with a view to recommending a draft decision thereon for consideration and adoption at CMA 6.[41]

• Rules, modalities and procedures for the mechanism established by Article 6, paragraph 4, of the PA and referred to in decision 3/CMA.3

Article 6, paragraph 4 of the PA established a mechanism to contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions and support sustainable development. To this end, CMA 3 designated the Supervisory Body to supervise the mechanism and to report annually to the CMA.

CMA 5 requested the Supervisory Body to continue the relevant work to operationalise the mechanism with a view to elaborating and further developing recommendations for consideration and adoption at CMA 6.[42]

CMA 5 also requested SBSTA 60 to continue consideration of relevant matters mandated in decision 7/CMA.4. SBSTA 60 took note of the draft text prepared for the agenda sub-item at that session, noting that it does not represent consensus among Parties, and it was agreed to hold an intersessional workshop and to continue consideration of that text at SBSTA 61. The SBSTA will be invited to continue consideration of these matters with a view to recommending a draft decision thereon for consideration and adoption at CMA 6.[43]

• Work programme under the framework for non-market approaches referred to in Article 6, paragraph 8, of the PA and in decision 4/CMA.3.

Article 6, paragraph 8, of the PA recognises the importance of integrated, holistic and balanced non-market approaches being available to Parties to assist in the implementation of their nationally determined contributions. Matters relating to this agenda sub-item are considered under the SBSTA.

CMA 3 adopted the work programme under the framework for non-market approaches and established the Glasgow Committee on Non-market Approaches (“GCNMA”) to implement the framework and the work programme.

SBSTA 60 noted paragraph 4 of decision 8/CMA.4, in which GCNMA 6 was requested to undertake an expedited and simple assessment of the progress and outcomes of the first phase of implementing the activities of the work programme. Parties were invited to submit views on improving and recommending the schedule for implementing the work programme activities for the second phase.[44]

SBSTA 61 will be invited to convene GCNMA 6 with a view to continuing to implement the work programme activities, and the CMA will be invited to consider the report of the GCNMA and to take any action it deems appropriate on the basis of the recommendations of the SBSTA.[45]

Matters relating to the Clean Development Mechanism (“CDM”)

The CDM allows a country with an emission-reduction or emission-limitation commitment under the Kyoto Protocol to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries. Such projects can earn saleable certified emission reduction (“CER”) credits.

SBSTA 60 requested the Secretariat to contact the CDM project participants that have not paid their share of proceeds to request them to confirm their intention to pay, and to report on the responses received to the SBSTA.

SBSTA 61 is due to consider a technical paper, prepared by the Secretariat, on the breakdown of the necessary level of resources for the activities, processes and institutions that need to continue under the CDM. The paper will also include modalities for how available funds in the trust fund for the CDM are transferred to the Adaptation Fund and to other areas potentially in need of funding. SBSTA 61 will also be invited to continue consideration of this matter with a view to recommending a draft decision thereon for consideration and adoption at CMP 19.[46]

Seventh review of the Financial Mechanism

There is significant scope for the Financial Mechanism to improve international cooperation towards the achievement of a just transition. However, despite consultations undertaken by the Presidents of CMA 4 and 5, Parties were unable to reach a consensus on the way forward.

On 5 June 2024, the Secretariat received a request from the United Kingdom to include this matter in the provisional agenda for CMA 6. The CMA therefore will be invited to take any action it deems appropriate.[47]

Furthermore, COP 26 to 28 could not conclude consideration of the guidelines for the seventh review of the Financial Mechanism. Therefore, COP 29 will be invited to agree on the guidelines for the seventh review, taking into account the guidelines contained in the annex to decision 12/CP.22.[48]

This matter will be further considered under Query 2, in light of the COP 17 decision that the Standing Committee on Finance will assist the COP in exercising its functions with respect to the Financial Mechanism.

New Collective Quantified Goal on Climate Finance (“NCQG”)

The last high-level ministerial dialogue will take place in Baku on 9 October 2024 with a view to providing guidance for the deliberations on setting the NCQG at CMA 6.

CMA 6 will be invited to consider the annual report of the co-chairs of the ad hoc work programme, including the substantive framework for a draft negotiating text capturing progress made, and the summary of the deliberations at the 2024 high-level ministerial dialogue on the NCQG and to take any action it deems appropriate.[49]

Query 1b – Identification of relevant constituted bodies

You have asked us to identify the UNFCCC constituted bodies that may be relevant to the Just Transition Work Programme (“JTWP”) based on an assessment of their various mandates and functions (other than the Standing Committee on Finance, which will be addressed separately).

As a starting point, we have conceptually broken down the elements of the JTWP into the below “process objectives” and “outcome objectives”:

Process-objectives for Just Transition (How do we transition?)

• Social dialogue, social protection and the recognition of labour rights
• Inclusive and participatory approaches to just transitions
• International cooperation as an enabler of just transition

Outcome-objectives of Just Transition (What does the transition achieve?)

• Social protection so as to mitigate potential impacts associated with the transition
• Sustainable development and poverty eradication as part of transitions
• Enhancing adaptation and climate resilience
• Creation of decent work and quality jobs

We have grouped the constituted bodies according to how relevant we deem them to be to the JTWP, and then explained why we view these bodies as more or less relevant to the above elements of the JTWP.

HIGHLY RELEVANT CONSTITUTED BODIES

ADAPTATION COMMITTEE Adaptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects. It refers to changes in processes, practices and structures to moderate potential damages or to benefit from opportunities associated with climate change. In simple terms, countries and communities need to develop adaptation solutions and implement actions to respond to current and future climate change impacts.[50] The Adaptation Committee was established to promote the implementation of enhanced action on adaptation in a coherent manner under the Convention and the Paris Agreement, and is centred around 5 core functions:[51] Promoting synergy and strengthening engagement with national, regional and international organisations, centres and networks. Sharing relevant information, knowledge, experience and good practice. Providing technical support and guidance to the Parties. Providing information and recommendations, drawing on adaptation good practices, for consideration by the Conference of the Parties. Considering information communicated by Parties on their monitoring and review of adaptation actions, support provided and received.  Relevance to the JTWP: as the Adaptation Committee is tasked with guiding the Parties in how they make adjustments to respond to climate change impacts in a coherent manner, we consider it to be highly relevant to the JTWP insofar as possible COP/SMA decisions could invite or mandate the Adaptation Committee to ensure that such adjustments incorporate the process and outcome objectives of the JTWP. By way of example, at COP 26 the Parties adopted the following language which shows how the work of the Adaptation Committee can be guided by the COP:[52] “The Conference of the Parties […] Invites the Adaptation Committee to improve its efforts to measure the outreach of its events and publications by including, in its flexible workplan, the collection of statistics disaggregated by gender and region on its awareness-raising, outreach and information sharing efforts such as events and publications;” The Adaptation Committee could also be encouraged to incorporate the elements of the JTWP into its own processes, for example in its next flexible workplan. We understand that the current version of the flexible workplan is for 2022-2024 only.

ADAPTATION FUND BOARD The Adaptation Fund was established to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing countries that are parties to the Kyoto Protocol and are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Since 2010, the Adaptation Fund has committed more than US$ 1.2 billion for climate change adaptation and resilience projects and programmes, and has also pioneered Direct Access, empowering countries to access funding and develop projects directly through accredited national implementing entities.[53] The Adaptation Fund Board is the governing body that supervises and manages the Adaptation Fund and is fully accountable to the CMP. The Adaptation Fund was established to finance concrete adaptation projects and programmes in developing country Parties that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.[54] Relevance to the JTWP: the Adaptation Fund provides funding to support projects which increase resilience to climate change. Climate resilience is one of the goals of the Paris Agreement, see Article 2.1 in particular. The JTWP is concerned with achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement in a just and equitable manner. Thus, the Adaptation Fund (and its Board) are highly relevant to the JTWP. We note that while the Adaptation Fund was created under the Kyoto Protocol rather than the Paris Agreement, and the JTWP has been adopted by the CMA of the Paris Agreement, the JTWP is still persuasive. This applies to other non-Paris CBs mentioned in this note. It appears (from a review of past decisions) that the parties to the Kyoto Protocol can make directions to the Adaptation Fund Board as to how it ought to deploy the resources of the Adaptation Fund. For example, CMP 18 requested the Adaptation Fund Board to increase the “gender responsiveness” of the funds deployed.[55] It follows that the Adaptation Fund Board might similarly be requested to accord greater weight to the elements of the JTWP when deciding on which projects to fund, and on which terms.

KATOWICE COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS ON THE IMPACTS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF RESPONSE MEASURES   The impacts of the implementation of response measures are understood as the effects arising from the mitigation actions undertaken by countries to respond to climate change. The forum on the impacts of implementation of response measures (the “Forum”) was established to support the work of the COP, CMA and CMP by informing the approach taken to mitigation by Parties with a specific focus on response measures and their impacts. The Forum mainly operates as a platform for sharing knowledge and experience between the Parties and relevant stakeholders. The Katowice Committee of Experts on the Impacts of the Implementation of Response Measures (the “KCI”) was established by the COP, CMP and CMA to support the work of the Forum. In practice, the KCI primarily prepares case studies, compilations of examples, technical papers and their annual report. According to the latest work plan, the prescribed activities for the Forum and the KCI relevantly include (by way of example): “Provide capacity-building to the Chairs and members of UNFCCC constituted bodies and technical teams of the secretariat on how to integrate gender considerations into their respective areas of work and on meeting the goal of gender balance” “Explore approaches to informing the development and implementation of climate change mitigation strategies, plans, policies and programmes, including nationally determined contributions and/or long-term low greenhouse gas emission development strategies, that maximize the positive and minimize the negative impacts of response measures” “Identify country-driven strategies and best practices on just transition of the workforce and creation of decent work and quality jobs and on economic diversification and transformation focusing on challenges and opportunities from the implementation of low greenhouse gas emission policies and strategies towards the achievement of sustainable development”              “Facilitate the development and exchange of regional, country- and/or sector-specific case studies and approaches on (1) economic diversification and transformation and just transition of the             workforce and creation of decent work and quality jobs, and (2) assessment and analysis of the impacts of the implementation of response measures with a view to understanding the positive            negative impacts” Relevance to the JTWP: this body is relevant in its role as a policy leader in relation to methods of climate action. It is noteworthy that just transition is already mentioned in the Forum and KCI’s workplan (see above). On the basis that the elements of the JTWP are already embedded in the workings of this body, the negotiator may wish to prioritise efforts with other bodies which are further behind in terms of just transition. At COP 28, the parties requested, in decision 13, that the KCI 25 “enhance the understanding of Parties of policies for just transitions and their impacts on various sectors en route to achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement”. This is another example of how just transition principles are already well-embedded.

FACILITATIVE WORKING GROUP OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND INDIGENOUS PEOPLES PLATFORM The COP has recognized the need to strengthen knowledge, technologies, practices and efforts of local communities and indigenous peoples related to addressing and responding to climate change. In this context, the Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (“LCIPP”) was established and has three core functions: (1) the exchange of experiences and sharing of best practices for addressing climate change in a holistic and integrated way, (2) building capacity for engagement of local communities and indigenous peoples, and (3) bringing together diverse ways of knowing for designing and implementing climate policies and actions.[56] The Facilitative Working Group of the LCIPP (the “FWG”) further operationalizes the LCIPP and facilitates the implementation of its three core functions.[57] Relevance to the JTWP: the FWG is highly relevant to the process-related goals of the JTWP. The FWG is concerned with facilitating learning and dialogue between groups, which are likely to be vulnerable to possible harmful aspects of the climate transition. It follows that the FWG, by its nature, is in line with the process-related goals of the JTWP. Therefore, the most important outcome for the FWG at COP 29, from a JTWP perspective, may not be so much about what the FWG is directed to do, but rather how many resources are allocated to the FWG to enable it to carry out its work.

PARIS COMMITTEE ON CAPACITY-BUILDING “Capacity Building” in the context of the UNFCCC means enabling “individuals, organizations and societies to mitigate and adapt to climate change.[58] The Paris Committee on Capacity-building (the “PCCB”) was established by the COP in 2015 as part of the adoption of the Paris Agreement to address gaps and needs, both current and emerging, in implementing capacity-building in developing country Parties and further enhancing capacity-building efforts, including with regard to coherence and coordination in capacity-building activities under the Convention.[59] Relevance to the JTWP: capacity building is highly relevant to the JTWP. It is important that everyone is empowered to adapt to climate change, including people and communities which are currently disadvantaged. The capacity building process which is ongoing across the world provides an opportunity to empower communities so that the climate transition can benefit them. A COP decision might encourage the PCCB to seek to identify gaps in capacity in socio-economically disadvantaged groups in particular, in order to pursue the elements of the JTWP.

STANDING COMMITTEE ON FINANCE (ADDRESSED BY QUERY 2) The mandate of the Standing Committee on Finance (the “SCF”)is to assist the COP in exercising its functions with respect to the financial mechanism of the Convention in terms of the following: improving coherence and coordination in the delivery of climate change financing; rationalization of the financial mechanism; mobilization of financial resources; and measurement, reporting and verification of support provided to developing country Parties.[60] Relevance to the JTWP: we consider the SCF to be highly relevant to the JTWP, however we note that this constituted body is considered in detail in Query 2 below.

MODERATELY RELEVANT CONSTITUTED BODIES

LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES EXPERT GROUP The COP established the Least Developed Countries Expert Group (the “LEG”) with the objective of supporting the preparation and implementation of national adaptation programmes of action.[61] The LEG is mandated to provide technical guidance and support to least developed countries (“LDCs”) on formulating and implementing national adaptation plans (“NAPs”) and national adaptation programmes of action (“NAPAs”), accessing funding from the Green Climate Fund and implementing the LDC work programme. The LEG is also mandated to engage a wide range of organisations in implementing its work programme.[62] Relevance to the JTWP: the LEG’s activities largely involve helping LDCs to comply with their plan-making and reporting obligations. On the basis that the LEG mostly offers procedural support to facilitate participation in international climate agreements, we consider that it is primarily relevant to the process-objectives of the JTWP (as discussed above). So, while there is considerable relevance, there is not complete overlap with the elements of the JTWP. The LEG also collaborates with other constituted bodies on projects of common interest. In this way, there is potential for collaboration with other constituted bodies that are categorised as highly relevant to the JTWP above.

PARIS AGREEMENT IMPLEMENTATION AND COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE The Paris Agreement Implementation and Compliance Committee (the “PAICC”) was established to identify appropriate measures, findings or recommendations to facilitate the implementation of, and compliance with, the provisions of the Paris Agreement.[63] In identifying appropriate measures, findings or recommendations, the PAICC can, among other things, take into account other relevant factors and circumstances, including expert advice and additional information provided by bodies and forums under or serving the Paris Agreement, and must pay attention to the national capabilities and circumstances of the Party concerned.[64] From a high-level review of its most recent report to the CMA, the activities of the PAICC include the making of findings of inadequate implementation by parties as well as related engagement, communication and collaboration with parties to the agreement in order to promote compliance. Relevance to the JTWP: we consider the PAICC to be relevant to the JTWP insofar as there are obligations in the Paris Agreement which, if complied with, would contribute overall towards a Just Transition. Much of the Paris Agreement relates to emissions-reductions commitments, nationally determined contributions and target-setting. These are not directly relevant to the elements of the JTWP, so there is not a high degree of relevance. There are some parts of the Paris Agreement which call for social improvements and international solidarity which the PAICC could be asked to focus on in assessing how the parties have implemented the Paris Agreement. These are not strict requirements but they could nonetheless be relied on.

THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE WARSAW INTERNATIONAL MECHANISM FOR LOSS AND DAMAGE The COP established the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts (the “Loss and Damage Mechanism”) to address loss and damage associated with impacts of climate change, including extreme events and slow onset events, in developing countries that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. At a high level, the Loss and Damage Mechanism has the following functions: [65] Enhancing knowledge and understanding of comprehensive risk management approaches to address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, including slow onset impacts. Strengthening dialogue, coordination, coherence and synergies among relevant stakeholders.Enhancing action and support, including finance, technology and capacity-building, to address loss and damage associated with the adverse effects of climate change, to enable countries to undertake actions. The Executive Committee of the Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage was established by the COP to guide the implementation of the functions of the Loss and Damage Mechanism. The Executive Committee has technical expert groups that help execute its work in the following four strategic work areas: slow onset events, non-economic losses, comprehensive risk management, and displacement.[66] Relevance to the JTWP: loss and damage are concepts which relate to reactions to the impacts of climate change whereas just transition is primarily concerned with mitigation and adaptation. On this basis, while the Loss and Damage Mechanism also relates to poverty alleviation and climate justice, there is a nuanced difference. Nevertheless, climate impacts are happening today and loss and damage response is a live issue. A possible COP decision might, for example, request the Executive Committee to ensure that the elements of the JTWP are included in all relevant policy recommendations, and that any risk analysis or disaster planning which is conducted by (or on the guidance of) the Executive Committee includes planning for just transitions as far as possible. Equally, support provided to vulnerable nations, or nations who have suffered loss and damage could be provided with some conditionality that recovery efforts are carried out with the aim of pursuing, as far as possible, a just transition.

ADVISORY BOARD OF THE CLIMATE TECHNOLOGY CENTRE AND NETWORK As the operational arm of the Technology Mechanism, The Climate Technology Centre and Network (the “CTCN”) promotes accelerated, diversified and scaled-up transfers of environmentally sound technologies for climate change mitigation and adaptation in developing countries, in line with their sustainable development priorities. The CTCN aims to stimulate technology cooperation and enhance the development and transfer of technologies and to assist developing country Parties (at their request), consistent with their respective capabilities and national circumstances and priorities, in order to build or strengthen their capacity to identify technology needs, to facilitate the preparation and implementation of technology projects and strategies, taking into account gender considerations to support action on mitigation and adaptation and enhance low-emission and climate-resilient development. [67] The Advisory Board of the CTCN gives guidance to the CTCN on how to prioritize requests from developing countries and, in general, monitors, assesses and evaluates the performance of the CTCN.[68] Relevance to the JTWP: there is a social justice element to technology transfer insofar as new and/or advanced technology is likely to be controlled by Developed Countries. Furthermore, different forms of technology are likely to have different social impacts. For example, the deployment of offshore wind technology has the potential to enable the redeployment of offshore fossil-fuel employees and people who work on existing fossil gas networks are likely to have skills which are transferable to future hydrogen gas networks. In contrast, certain technologies may have less beneficial social impacts. On this basis, it would make sense for the COP to direct the Advisory Board to have regard to the elements of the JTWP when directing the CTCN on which technology request initiatives ought to be prioritised. We note though, that other factors such as value for money and technical merit are likely to be highly weighted when it comes to assessing technology projects.

TECHNOLOGY EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE As the policy arm of the Technology Mechanism, the Technology Executive Committee (the “TEC”) undertakes analysis and provides recommendations on policies that can accelerate the development and transfer of low-emission and climate resilient technologies.”[69] Climate technologies cover any piece of equipment, technique, practical knowledge or skill for performing a particular activity that can be used to face climate change. The TEC plays a key role in supporting countries to identify climate technology policies that support them to achieve the Agreement’s objectives. Each year the TEC reports to the COP on its performance and activities. Specifically, the TEC analyses climate technology issues and develops balanced policy recommendations, supporting countries to accelerate action on climate change.[70] Relevance to the JTWP: we refer to the analysis in relation to the CTCN above.On this basis, it would make sense for the COP to direct the TEC to have regard to the elements of the JTWP when recommending technology adoption options to state parties in order to maximise the social efficacy of technology transfer/adoption initiatives. Once again, we note that other factors such as cost and technical merit are likely to be highly weighted when it comes to assessing technology projects.

LESS RELEVANT CONSTITUTED BODIES

THE COMPLIANCE COMMITTEE OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOL The Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the UNFCCC by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets. [71] The Compliance Committee of the Kyoto Protocol provides advice and assistance to Parties in implementing the Kyoto Protocol, promotes compliance by Parties with their commitments and determines cases of non-compliance and applies consequences in cases where Parties are not complying with their commitments under the Kyoto Protocol.[72] Relevance to the JTWP: the Kyoto Protocol is of limited relevance to the idea of a Just Transition. While Article 2(3) of the Kyoto Protocol notes that Parties should strive to implement policies and measures in such a way as to minimise adverse effects (including adverse effects of climate change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other parties, especially developing country Parties), the protocol is mostly focused on decarbonisation itself, rather than the effects of the decarbonisation process.[73]

ARTICLE 6.4 SUPERVISORY BODY Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement established a new international carbon crediting mechanism, also known as the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism. The Supervisory Body of this mechanism develops and supervises the requirements and processes needed to operationalise the mechanism, including developing and/or approving methodologies, registering activities, accrediting third-party verification bodies, and managing the Article 6.4 Registry. The Supervisory Body is fully accountable to the Parties to the Paris Agreement.[74] Relevance to the JTWP: this constituted body provides technical supervision relating to carbon credits and thus it has a limited social impact or policy development function. On this basis, we consider this constituted body to be less relevant to the JTWP.

EXECUTIVE BOARD OF THE CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM The Clean Development Mechanism (the “CDM”) is the main source of income for the UNFCCC Adaptation Fund, which was established to finance adaptation projects and programmes in developing country Parties to the Kyoto Protocol that are particularly vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change.  The CDM allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction credits that can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol.[75] The Executive Board supervises the CDM under the authority and guidance of the CMP. The Executive Board is the ultimate point of contact for CDM project participants for the registration of projects and the issuance of certified emission reductions.[76] Relevance to the JTWP: this constituted body provides technical and administrative supervision and thus has less of a policy development function. It is less relevant on this basis. The technical nature of this body is apparent from meeting agendas and reports, available here.

JOINT IMPLEMENTATION SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE (JISC) Article 6 of the Kyoto Protocol provides for the transfer between developed country Parties of “emission reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy”. The Joint Implementation Supervisory Committee (“JISC”) supervises the verification procedure for submitted projects to confirm that the ensuing reductions of emissions by sources or enhancements of anthropogenic removals by sinks meet the relevant requirements and the joint implementation guidelines.[77] Relevance to the JTWP: the JISC provides technical advice on emissions removals and thus it has limited social impact or policy development function. On this basis, we consider the JISC to be less relevant to the JTWP.

CONSULTATIVE GROUP OF EXPERTS The Consultative Group of Experts (the “CGE”) provides technical advice and support to developing country Parties for enhancing their institutional and technical capacity to prepare and submit national communications, biennial update reports, national greenhouse gas inventories and biennial transparency reports, as applicable, with a view to facilitating improvements in their reporting over time. Relevance to the JTWP: the CGE is concerned with the provision of technical advice on reporting obligations and as such it does not influence the substance of the transitions actually undertaken by parties.

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[1] Informal Note of the co-chairs on the UAE JTWP, 13 June 2024.

[2] Message From the Chairs of The SBSTA & SBI on the Second Dialogue under the UAE JTWP, 29 July 2024.

[3] United Arab Emirates just transition work programme; SBSTA & SBI – Draft Conclusions proposed by the Chairs, 13 June 2024.

[4] Ibid.

[5] Decision 1/CMA.5, paragraph 193.

[6] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, paragraph 37.

[7] Decision 4/CMA.1, paragraph 20.

[8] CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, Item 7.

[9] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, Item 16.

[10] COP 29 Provisional Agenda, Item 9; SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, Item 14; CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, SBSTA 61 Provisional Agenda, Item 11.

[11] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, Item 14(a).

[12] Decision 1/CMA.5, para. 110.

[13] UNFCCC, Sharm el-Sheikh mitigation ambition and implementation work programme, Decision 4/CMA.4,   https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2022_10a01_adv.pdf

[14] Decision 4/CMA.4.

[15] UNFCCC, Sharm el-Sheikh mitigation ambition and implementation work programme, “Co-chairs, topics and

activities: Topics for 2023,” https://unfccc.int/topics/mitigation/workstreams/mitigation-work-programme#Topics-for-2023

[16] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, paragraphs to 41-45; CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, paragraph 28; SBSTA Provisional Agenda, paragraph 55.

[17] FCCC/SBSTA/2024/7, paragraphs 111–113 and 116 and annex II, and FCCC/SBI/2024/13, paragraphs 58–60 and 63 and annex II.

[18] SBSTA 71 Provisional Agenda, paragraph 71. See also SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, paragraph 61.

[19] COP29 Provisional Agenda, page 7.

[20] SBSTA 60 Provisional Agenda, page 7; SBI 60 Provisional Agenda, page 11.

[21] Decision 2/CMA.5, pages 26-27.

[22] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, page 12.

[23] COP 29 Provisional Agenda, page 16.

[24] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, page 18.

[25] COP 29 Provisional Agenda, page 16.

[26] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, page 18.

[27] COP 29 Provisional Agenda, page 16.

[28] COP 29 Provisional Agenda, page 15.

[29] Draft Text of the SBI & SBSTA on The Review of the functions, work programme and modalities of forum on the impact of the implementation of response measures, 6 December 2023.

[30] Ibid.

[31] COP 29 Provisional Agenda, page 15.

[32] The Non-Paper prepared by Co-chairs regarding the activities from the workplan of the Forum and KCI, dated 10 June 2024.

[33] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, page 10.

[34] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, page 13.

[35] COP 29 Provisional Agenda, page 15.

[36] SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, page 13.

[37] ‘More Money, Fewer Problems: Closing Africa’s Climate Finance Gap’ – Report of the Boston Consulting Group, May 2024.

[38]  CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, page 19.

[39]  SBI 61 Provisional Agenda, page 18.

[40] SBSTA 61 Provisional Agenda, page 14.

[41] CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, page 17.

[42] CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, page 18.

[43] SBSTA 61 Provisional Agenda, page 14.

[44] SBSTA 61 Provisional Agenda, page 15.

[45] CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, page 19.

[46] SBSTA 61 Provisional Agenda, page 13.

[47] CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, page 15.

[48] COP 29 Provisional Agenda, page 13.

[49] CMA 6 Provisional Agenda, page 10.

[50] Adaptation and Resilience, Introduction | UNFCCC

[51] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[52] Decision 2/CP.26

[53] Governance – Adaptation Fund (adaptation-fund.org)

[54] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[55] Decision 3/CMP.18.

[56] Overview | Local Communities and Indigenous Peoples Platform (unfccc.int)

[57] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[58] Capacity-building in the UNFCCC process | UNFCCC

[59] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[60] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[61] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[62] Least Developed Countries Expert Group | UNFCCC

[63] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[64] More about PAICC | UNFCCC

[65] Warsaw International Mechanism for Loss and Damage associated with Climate Change Impacts | UNFCCC

[66] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[67] Climate Technology Centre and Network (CTCN) | Climate Technology Centre & Network | Fri, 02/02/2024 (ctc-n.org)

[68] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[69] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[70] Technology Executive Committee (unfccc.int)

[71] What is the Kyoto Protocol? | UNFCCC

[72] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[73] For example, Articles 2.3, 9.1 contain broad aspirations concerning social impact but the bulk of the Kyoto Protocol, and the specific obligations therein does not concern social impact.

[74] Article 6.4 Supervisory Body | UNFCCC

[75] CDM: About CDM (unfccc.int)

[76] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC

[77] Constituted bodies | UNFCCC