In this paper, we set out our response to the following questions: analyse the MRV provisions in the LCA text (the “Agreement”) in respect of (i) financial obligations of developed country parties; (ii) mitigation actions by developed parties; (iii) mitigation actions by developing parties. How do they operate? Do the respective levels of MRV for …

1. What is a binding unilateral declaration under international law?  2. What are some examples of binding unilateral declarations under international law? 1. A binding unilateral declaration is a statement made on behalf of a State, which creates legal rights or obligations under international law. Unlike a treaty, a binding unilateral declaration …

Does the concept of Loss and Damage fall within the scope and mandate of the UNFCCC, in particular the objective to prevent dangerous anthropogenic climate change (Art.2)? Summary: Although the UNFCCC objective (as described in Article 2) does not specifically cover loss and damage resulting from climate change, the parties are allowed to address the …

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What is the difference between “shall be established” and “is hereby established”?  Summary In general, the phrase “shall be established” has been used in UN resolutions where the establishment or realisation of an entity or other thing depends upon further actions being undertaken. By contrast, the phrase “is …