What are examples of other regional agreements (environmental or other) that have used formal and informal (i.e., MOUs, declarations of intent, etc.) mechanisms to establish the agreement as a platform for enhanced cooperation with nations outside the region, and the key drivers and mechanisms employed? Summary: Memoranda of understanding (‘MOU’s) …

1. Are there examples in international law where there is more than one protocol to the same treaty? 2. Does the subject matter of the two (or more) protocols overlap, complement or contradict each other? 3. If they do overlap, complement or contradict each other, how is this issue resolved between the protocols (i.e. how […]

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1. Can a COP decision require certain actions to be taken at the domestic (federal) level in the U.S.? 2. Is there any particular language that should be included in a COP decision to ensure action is taken at the domestic level in the U.S.? 3. What is the legal basis is for US implementation of […]

1. Has ‘vulnerability’ been defined anywhere in international law? 2. Has ‘vulnerability’ been defined anywhere in the UNFCCC? 3. How have states chosen to define vulnerability? 1. ‘Vulnerability’ has not been explicitly defined in any international law instrument. Nevertheless, an insight into how the term ‘vulnerability’ …