1. Generally, how and when have provisional application clauses been used in international agreements? 2. Are there any precedents in international law where entry into force of one treaty has been tied to an external condition like the ratification of another treaty?   Question 1 Provisional application clauses have been increasingly used in recent …

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1. If the KP is extended to a second commitment period, what are the legal requirements needed (or are there any available legal avenues) to prohibit or limit the carry over of AAUs from the first to the second commitment period, or limit trading of such AAUs under Article 17. 2. What legal text/language would […]

What are the benefits and drawbacks of the current Human Rights Council peer review process? What works, what could be improved and could you outline any involvement by NGOs – i.e., ability to submit amicus briefs, etc? There is a formal process for NGO involvement, spelled out in greater detail below and in the document […]

1. If qualitative language only were adopted by UNFCCC (e.g. §18), could it be regarded as having legal weight in relation to measures adopted by IMO or ICAO? E.g., could a UNFCCC Party not only refuse to ratify a measure in IMO or ICAO, but seek legal redress against such a measure by other Parties, […]