1. What makes a text a “treaty”?  2. And what distinguishes a “treaty” text from political agreements, COP/CMP Decisions, political agreements, road maps, accords, etc? 3. For example, does a treaty text require certain “final” provisions, e.g. on ratification? Does the wording of the provisions make a difference, e.g. binding “shall” …

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1. A) How and when have successive treaties been used in international law, particularly in international environmental law? Why was a successor treaty chosen as an option over an amendment to the underlying agreement or a new agreement? B) What type of provision is needed (if any) to indicate that it is a successor treaty? Please include formulations …

1. Generally, how and when have provisional application clauses been used in international agreements? 2. Are there any precedents in international law where entry into force of one treaty has been tied to an external condition like the ratification of another treaty?   Question 1 Provisional application clauses have been increasingly used in recent …

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