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Human and environmental rights under the Paris Agreement’s carbon markets
Articles 6.4 and 6.2 of the Paris Agreement provide cooperative approaches and market-based mechanisms with varying human and environmental rights safeguards. This advice highlights these protections, including the importance of transparency, stakeholder participation, and accessible grievance mechanisms.
Increasing efficiency in the UNFCCC Process
Legal analysis of the Secretariat’s note on increasing the efficiency of the UNFCCC process, addressing the legal basis and implications of proposed procedural reforms, including the Bureau’s authority, agenda streamlining, CMP conclusion, and the amendment of reporting and review cycles.
The Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism
This note explains the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism under Article 6.4, outlining its governance, methodological standards, and transition from the Clean Development Mechanism, as well as related financing and national implementation approaches, including examples from Ghana and Kenya’s carbon market frameworks.
Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T
Legal analysis of the mandate and possible outcomes of the “Baku to Belém Roadmap to 1.3T,” established under Decision 1/CMA.6 on the new collective quantified goal on climate finance, outlining implications for COP 30/CMA 7 deliberations.
COP efficiency note and possible contradictions with Rules of Procedures
This note analyses whether UNFCCC proposals to improve COP efficiency conflict with its Rules of Procedure, concluding that several could undermine the Party-driven process by granting decision-making powers to the Secretariat or Bureau and limiting Parties’ agenda-setting and participation rights.
NDC features and guidance on information to be provided by the Parties to facilitate clarity, transparency and understanding
Introduction In accordance with Article 4(9) of the Paris Agreement, Parties are due to communicate new and successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in 2025. Parties were due to submit new NDCs by
Legal status of paragraph 7, NCQG Decision
This advice is provided in response to Query 04/25 Query: Paragraph 8 of Decision 1/CMA.6 defines a goal. Paragraph 7 of the same Decision does not mention what the ‘at least USD
New Quantified Collective Goal Decision and Loss and Damage – Alternative legal opinion
This advice is provided by third parties in response to Query 107 & 108/24 Executive Summary: Query 1: The NCQG can be put towards funding for loss and damage. Although there is
Article 6.4: timing of corresponding adjustment in relation to the share of proceeds for adaptation
This note explores that, under CMA decisions, host countries apply corresponding adjustments after deducting the share of proceeds for adaptation, though both actions may occur simultaneously when authorised emission reductions are first transferred under Article 6.4 of the Paris Agreement.
Options for legal remedies and procedural responses to non-compliance with the Paris Agreement
Introduction Under the Paris Agreement, Parties have the procedural obligations to communicate and maintain Nationally Determined Contributions under art 4.2; submit a mandatory report or communication of information under art 13; participate
Guidance from the COP to the GCF
This memorandum addresses three queries regarding the Green Climate Fund’s (GCF) obligations to consider guidance from the Conference of the Parties (COP), the nature of the relationship between COP and GCF, and