1) Can MARPOL 73/78 be amended by a decision of the governing body of the treaty so as to include either a cap and trade system for shipping emissions or a bunker fuel levy? 2) If not, can this be done by adopting a new annex (in such a way that does not require ratification)? […]

1. Can MARPOL 73/78 be amended by a decision of the governing body of the treaty so as to include either a cap and trade system for shipping emissions or a bunker fuel levy? 2. If not, can this be done by adopting a new annex (in such a way that does not require ratification)? […]

How does the monetary benefit-sharing mechanism under the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture work ? This is provided as a precedent for a mechanism giving rebates to certain countries for revenues that have been collected internationally, and show the feasibility of introducing compensatory rebates to developing …

In designing measures to address emissions from international shipping, does the International Maritime Organization (IMO) have the legal mandate to include exemptions – for the purposes of protecting Small Island Developing States – either on the basis of exempting specific countries, or alternatively by setting de minimis thresholds (such as tonnage …

1. If qualitative language only were adopted by UNFCCC (e.g. §18), could it be regarded as having legal weight in relation to measures adopted by IMO or ICAO? E.g., could a UNFCCC Party not only refuse to ratify a measure in IMO or ICAO, but seek legal redress against such a measure by other Parties, […]