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Resumen de la 62a Reunión de los Órganoes Subsidiarios de la CMNUCC (17/10/2025)
Los Órganos Subsidiarios de la CMNUCC celebraron sus 62ª sesiones del 14 al 25 de junio de 2025. Este resumen incluye los últimos avances en las negociaciones. Editado por: Mara Wendebourg Colaboradores: Pascale Bird, Harrison Cox, Louisa Dassow, Yago Ferreira Freire, William Ferris Monserrat Madariaga Gómez de Cuenca, Nadine Naré Ouérécé, Lucia Williams.
COP efficiency note and possible contradictions with Rules of Procedures of the COP and its subsidiary bodies (18/09/2025)
IMPORTANT: Legal Response International (LRI) acts as an intermediary in obtaining legal advice from third parties on the query you have raised. That advice is provided to LRI but we are able to share it with you. The third-party advisers have accepted certain duties to LRI but have not and do not accept any duty […]
Article 6.4: timing of corresponding adjustment in relation to the share of proceeds for adaptation (27/06/2025)
IMPORTANT: Legal Response International (LRI) acts as an intermediary in obtaining legal advice from third parties on the query you have raised. That advice is provided to LRI but we are able to share it with you. The third-party advisers have accepted certain duties to LRI but have not and do not accept any duty […]
The Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism (08/08/2025)
Contents 1. Background 2. Operation of the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism 3. Supervisory body Standards for Article 6.4 Activities 4. Transitioning Clean Development Mechanism projects 5. Next steps in the operationalisation of the PACM 6. Share of proceeds within the PACM 7. Approaches for government to take a share in proceeds and at the national […]
Mandate of the CTCN: data review, information and knowledge management (12/11/2024)
Questions: Summary: The mandate of the CTCN – established at COP 16 (decision 1/CP.16) – includes a requirement to facilitate the provision of information. Subsequent decisions, notably those adopting the CTCN’s functions and modalities, have detailed the breadth of this provision. Since COP 19, the CTCN has a clear duty to foster collaboration and access […]
Résumé de la 62e session des organes subsidiaires de la CCNUCC (06/10/2025)
Les organes subsidiaires de la CCNUCC ont tenu leur 62e session du 14 au 25 juin 2025. Ce résumé comprend les dernières avancées des négociations. Édité par: Mara Wendebourg Contributeurs: Pascale Bird, Harrison Cox, Louisa Dassow, Yago Ferreira Freire, William Ferris Monserrat Madariaga Gómez de Cuenca, Nadine Naré Ouérécé, Lucia Williams.
Advisory Opinions on Climate Change: International Law Elements (08/10/2025)
The advisory opinions on States’ obligations with respect to climate change delivered by the ITLOS, IACtHR and the ICJ consider many important legal elements that are relevant to the UNFCCC negotiations. Ahead of COP 30, LRI prepared an explainer to brief negotiators on the important findings of three major international courts. This explainer elaborates on […]
Delegate’s Guide to the Advisory Opinions on Climate Change (09/10/2025)
The advisory opinions on States’ obligations with respect to climate change delivered by the ITLOS, IACtHR and the ICJ consider many important legal elements that are relevant to the UNFCCC negotiations. Ahead of COP 30, LRI prepared an explainer to brief negotiators on the important findings of three major international courts.
Summary of the 62nd Meetings of the Subsidiary Bodies of the UNFCCC (02/09/2025)
The Subsidiary Bodies of the UNFCCC (SBs) held their 62nd sessions from the 14th to the 25th of June, 2025. The summary of the 62nd meetings of the SBs is available in English and will also soon be available in Spanish and French. Edited by: Mara Wendebourg Contributors: Pascale Bird, Harrison Cox, Louisa Dassow, Yago […]
Carbon markets under the Paris Agreement Article 6 (26/06/2025)
Article 6 of the Paris Agreement provides two types of market-based instruments that Parties to the Paris Agreement can use to achieve their mitigation targets. This explainer describes each of these instruments, as found in Articles 6.2 and 6.4 of the Paris Agreement, and explains the main challenges carbon markets are facing and how these […]
Agenda items and constituted bodies relevant to Just Transition (10/06/2024)
Query: Considering the “elements” of the objectives of the Just Transition Work programme, could you: Advice: The following analysis is intended to provide an overview of the agenda items on the provisional agendas for COP 29, CMA 6, SBI 61 & SBSTA 61, which appear most relevant to the Just Transition Work programme (JTWP). These […]
Query: Advice: Introduction In accordance with Article 4(9) of the Paris Agreement, Parties are due to communicate new and successive nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in 2025. Parties were due to submit new NDCs by 10 February 2025, at least nine months ahead of CMA7.[1] Only 13 of 195 Parties met that deadline, and as of […]
Legal status of paragraph 7, NCQG Decision (12/06/2025)
This advice is provided in response to Query 04/25 Query: Paragraph 8 of Decision 1/CMA.6 defines a goal. Paragraph 7 of the same Decision does not mention what the ‘at least USD 1.3 trillion per year by 2035’ figure and target is. What does paragraph 7 define? Could you research how other financial figures/targets/goals have […]
Options for legal remedies and procedural responses to non-compliance with the Paris Agreement (02/06/2025)
This advice is provided in response to Query 10/17 Query: What procedural remedies are available to Parties who assert that another party does not act in line with its commitments under the Paris Agreement? Advice: Introduction Under the Paris Agreement, Parties have the procedural obligations to communicate and maintain Nationally Determined Contributions under art 4.2; […]
Just Transition Explainer (update) (16/06/2025)
This explainer defines the concept of “just transition” and explains how it has evolved throughout the UNFCCC process. Moreover, the explainer describes how “just transition” has been integrated in the different workstreams of the UNFCCC and explains the aims of the Just Transition Work Programme (JTWP) that was established at COP 27 and its most […]
NCQG: The Decision and the Road to Belém (16/06/2025)
This explainer looks back at the NCQG decision, the context of its adoption and the significance of the goals set. It also discusses the criticism raised concerning the substance and adoption process of the NCQG decision and looks towards the following steps that will lead Parties to Belém.
The Paris Agreement Implementation and Compliance Committee (PAICC) (16/06/2025)
This explainer provides background on the establishment of the Paris Agreement Implementation and Compliance Committee (PAICC) and its rules of procedures. The explainer lists the different functions and features of the Committee and how it may initiate engagement for non-compliance. It also considers the recent developments in which the Committee initiated a consideration of issues.
New Quantified Collective Goal Decision and Loss and Damage – Alternative legal opinion (12/06/2025)
This advice is provided by third parties in response to Query 107 & 108/24 Queries: Can paragraph 5 of the Decision adopted at CMA 6 on the NCQG (the “Decision”)[1]be interpreted as meaning that “loss and damage” contributions in Nationally Determined Contributions (“NDCs”) will be supported? For example, Vanuatu has costed their Loss and Damage […]
UNFCCC Website and Document Guide (11/06/2025)
The UNFCCC website serves as a primary resource for accessing information related to UN climate negotiations, including decisions, agendas, and other relevant documents. However, navigating the site can be challenging. It is therefore advisable to become familiar with its structure and functions prior to engaging in UNFCCC-related work. This brief will first provide guidance on […]
Guidance from the COP to the GCF (15/05/2025)
This memorandum addresses three queries regarding the Green Climate Fund’s (GCF) obligations to consider guidance from the Conference of the Parties (COP), the nature of the relationship between COP and GCF, and the mechanisms available to ensure that all relevant guidance is brought to the GCF’s attention and considered by it. Query: Summary: In our […]