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The Kyoto Protocol today
The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in 1997 and is still in force although its second commitment period that establishes binding reduction targets to developed country Parties expired in 2020 and no third commitment period was negotiated. This advice considers the remaining role of the Kyoto Protocol today.
Marine carbon dioxide removal technologies and Article 6
This advice considers marine carbon dioxide removal (mCDR) technologies, which comprises ocean-based techniques that remove CO₂ from the atmosphere and store it for extended periods (e.g. ocean alkalinity enhancement, ocean fertilisation, seaweed cultivation and blue carbon ecosystem restoration) and how Article 6 may allow for mCDR to create tradeable emissions units.
Possible outcomes from a COP
This advice outlines the different outcomes a COP can lead to. In doing so, it considers their legal value. The advice has been updated to take into consideration the advisory opinion on climate change delivered by the International Court of Justice.
Résultats possibles d’une Conférence des Parties
Cet avis énumère les différents résultats d'une Conférence des Parties et explique leur valeur juridique. Cet avis a été mis à jour à la suite de l'avis consultatif rendu par la Cour Internationale de Justice.
Gouvernance de la CCNUCC
LRI a préparé cette note explicative afin d'aider les négociateurs à comprendre l'architecture institutionnelle du système de la CCNUCC.
Gobernanza de la CMNUCC
El régimen de la CMNUCC ha evolucionado hasta convertirse en un complejo sistema de gobernanza de tres vías, que abarca la Convención, el Protocolo de Kioto y el Acuerdo de París. Cada
The Paris Agreement Implementation and Compliance Committee – 2026 updates
The Paris Agreement Implementation and Compliance Committee (PAICC) was established in the Paris Agreement to facilitate its implementation and promote compliance. Under the Paris Agreement, Parties have procedural obligations to communicate and
Agriculture Explainer
As both a critical source of emissions and a highly-exposed sector to the effects of the climate change, agriculture plays an important role in the UNFCCC regime. This explainer explores that role throughout the process.
Non-market approaches under the Paris Agreement
Article 6 of the Paris Agreement lays out the mechanisms for international cooperation in the implementation of Nationally Determined Contributions. Under, Article 6.8, a distinct framework for non-market approaches (NMAs) to climate
Submissions on views of Parties and non-Party stakeholders on the process for operationalisation of a just transition mechanism to inform SB 64 negotiations
A total of fifty-eight (58) submissions were made on the “Views of Parties and non-Party stakeholders on the process for operationalisation of a just transition mechanism”. This is a summarised, streamlined version of the key elements described in submissions, and is presented below in two umbrella categories: Party and Non-Party Stakeholders, the latter with three further subdivisions being: (i) UN Agencies; (ii) academia and (iii) Civil Society.
Just Transition Explainer
Just transition now operates as a bridging framework linking climate ambition to implementation across multiple workstreams, including mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology transfer and support for developing countries. What began as a largely workforce-centred idea has progressively expanded into a wider discussion about how climate action should be pursued in ways that are equitable, inclusive and development-sensitive.