1. What makes a text a “treaty”?  2. And what distinguishes a “treaty” text from political agreements, COP/CMP Decisions, political agreements, road maps, accords, etc? 3. For example, does a treaty text require certain “final” provisions, e.g. on ratification? Does the wording of the provisions make a difference, e.g. binding “shall” …

1. Are there technical requirements that would necessitate a delay between the adoption of a new Protocol under the UNFCCC and signature by heads of state or government? 2. Is it possible to open a Protocol for signature at a summit in one location and then leave the Protocol open for signature in New York […]

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1. Would a COP15 bis be considered an ‘ordinary session’ or an ‘extraordinary session’? 2. Could a protocol be adopted at a COP15 bis? Within a COP and a COP bis scenario, is it possible to adopt COP decisions at the first session of the COP (ie Copenhagen) and then to adopt further COP decisions […]

1. A) How and when have successive treaties been used in international law, particularly in international environmental law? Why was a successor treaty chosen as an option over an amendment to the underlying agreement or a new agreement? B) What type of provision is needed (if any) to indicate that it is a successor treaty? Please include formulations …