In this paper, we set out our response to the following questions: analyse the MRV provisions in the LCA text (the “Agreement”) in respect of (i) financial obligations of developed country parties; (ii) mitigation actions by developed parties; (iii) mitigation actions by developing parties. How do they operate? Do the respective levels of MRV for …

1. What is “MRV”? 2. How does MRV differ from compliance and enforcement? 3. What is ICA? How does ICA relate to MRV? 4. How does MRV function under the Kyoto Protocol, and what elements are involved?  5. To what issues in the UNFCCC negotiations does MRV relate? Are there already provisions for MRV in […]

1. What is the exact difference between MRV and compliance? 2. Is it possible to make a clear distinction between a strong MRV system and a compliance system which only includes facilitative elements, but no enforcement? 3. Did the Senate raise legal/constitutional concerns when the USA accepted the compliance system of the Montreal Protocol? Question …

How would the legal text look like to ensure that finance commitments by developed countries to support mitigation and adaptation in developing countries  are additional to resources developed countries provide to meet their existing Overseas Development Assistance commitments (to provide 0.7% of their GNI as aid)?  Are there precedents that can be …

The Doha Climate Change Conference (COP18) culminated on Saturday 8 December 2012 with the adoption of the ‘Doha Climate Gateway’, a set of decisions adopted by near universal acclamation related to amendments to the Kyoto Protocol (the KP Decision), the closure of the Ad-­‐hoc Working Group on Long-­‐term Cooperative Action (AWG-­‐LCA) …