This research introduces the concept of unilateral trade measures and their rationale, and presents their potential benefits and drawbacks. Introduction The World Bank estimates that a quarter of the global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come from international trade. As countries race to increase the ambition of the Nationally Determined Contributions …

This Excel spreadsheet provides a list of terms and acronyms in English-French / French-English used at the UNFCCC.

Query: Please provide a summary of the framework for finance under the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework under the Convention of Biological Diversity and consider it in the context of the New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance. Background: The report by the co-chairs of the ad hoc work programme on the new collective quantified …

Query: How important is it that the issue finance for loss and damage has been placed on the current provisional agendas (item 8f) of both the COP27 and CMA4?

Query: What types of outcomes can emerge from a COP and what legal value do they hold? Advice: 1. Legal bindingness in international law The creation of binding international obligations typically occurs through treaties, the result of extensive negotiations among nations. These treaties contain meticulously negotiated provisions, often developed over …