This briefing paper is comprised of two parts. The first part addresses the existing institutional arrangement under both the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (the “Convention”) and the Kyoto Protocol. It includes simplified organisation charts. The second part addresses possible future institutions, as proposed in the current negotiation …

The continued failure of the parties to agree a second commitment period for the Kyoto Protocol is a cause for concern. Further delay in any agreement for a second commitment period could mean that there will be a gap between commitment periods where the relevant parties are not bound by any emission reduction commitments. A […]

This briefing paper sets out the definition of official development assistance (ODA), the legal status of ODA targets and countries’ current levels of ODA.

In this briefing paper, we are set out an analysis of the following question: What sanctions/penalties exist in other environmental treaties (e.g. CITIES, CBD, Montreal Protocol)? Without commenting on the merits of such sanctions/penalties, would any of these be compatible with the Convention or the current LCA text.

1. What is a binding unilateral declaration under international law?  2. What are some examples of binding unilateral declarations under international law? 1. A binding unilateral declaration is a statement made on behalf of a State, which creates legal rights or obligations under international law. Unlike a treaty, a binding unilateral declaration …