1. Is there a general definition of “force majeure” in international law? If not, what would it normally cover (in the event it is not defined further)?  2. Which drafting would limit, to a large degree, the instances in which “force majeure” could be applied under the Annex to the COP decision in both Option A […]

1. There is an ongoing process established by the G20 to determine the amounts of fossil fuels subsidies. Is it possible to have a place in COP discussions to consider this process in order to ensure its full transparency, and ensure its relevancy is captured in the climate regime? Would this mandate come from the […]

1. What is the mandate/provision(s) in the Montreal Protocol that determines the type of gas that will fall within its remit? 2. What definitions and technical guidance are in the Montreal Protocol and how is it determined that a new gas should be added to the Montreal Protocol? Summary: The provisions for amending the Montreal Protocol […]

1. Is there a precedent for having ‘gentleman’s agreements’ made on issues that might normally comprise COP decisions? 2. What is the actual form of a Gentleman’s agreement?  For example, would they be ‘decision’ type language with placeholders in brackets? 3. Are there any dis/advantages to this approach compared to COP decisions? …

Can you provide clarification on the legal status, legal strength (in terms of bindingness) and implications thereof of three different instruments: COP decisions, legally binding treaties and unilateral declarations? Treaties, COP decisions and unilateral decisions can all be legally binding under international law. Whether or not they are in a particular …