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Is there any hierarchy between the laws of the UNFCCC, ICAO and IMO, so that States can comply with the laws of the UNFCCC and, as long as they are in compliance with the laws of the UNFCCC, then States need not comply with the laws of ICAO/IMO?  Summary There is no hierarchy as such […]

1) Can MARPOL 73/78 be amended by a decision of the governing body of the treaty so as to include either a cap and trade system for shipping emissions or a bunker fuel levy? 2) If not, can this be done by adopting a new annex (in such a way that does not require ratification)? […]

1. Can MARPOL 73/78 be amended by a decision of the governing body of the treaty so as to include either a cap and trade system for shipping emissions or a bunker fuel levy? 2. If not, can this be done by adopting a new annex (in such a way that does not require ratification)? […]

1. What is the procedure for a party to withdraw from the Kyoto Protocol? Are there any regulations or guidelines beyond what is set out in article 27? Specifically, what would the procedure be for Canada to withdraw? 2. If the Protocol expires in 2012, and, on expiry, Canada has not met its emissions reduction […]