1. What is the mandate/provision(s) in the Montreal Protocol that determines the type of gas that will fall within its remit? 2. What definitions and technical guidance are in the Montreal Protocol and how is it determined that a new gas should be added to the Montreal Protocol? Summary: The provisions for amending the Montreal Protocol […]

1) Can MARPOL 73/78 be amended by a decision of the governing body of the treaty so as to include either a cap and trade system for shipping emissions or a bunker fuel levy? 2) If not, can this be done by adopting a new annex (in such a way that does not require ratification)? […]

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1. Is the concept of “supplementarity” defined within the international climate regime? 2. Is the issue of supplementarity/trading as supplemental mentioned in any CMP decisions? 3. Is the issue mentioned in any COP decisions other than 15/CP.7? 1. Definition of “Supplementarity” 1.1 Our research has not uncovered a definition for the …

1.Is it possible for countries to ratify a COP decision? If so, which countries have?  2.Did the Congress of the USA pass a bill or another legal act when ratifying the UNFCCC which declares that the USA cannot enter into substantial obligations by way of COP decision unless the Congress expresses its consent? 3. If […]