Could you please clarify the legal meaning of the terms “double counting”, “real, permanent, additional and verified” and “net decrease”, in the context of the UNFCCC and its market instruments, particularly the Framework of Various Approaches, New Market Mechanism and Non Market-based Approaches?  Advice:  The UNFCCC aims to stabilize “the …

Could you provide a broad overview of the constitutional structure governing the President’s ability to enter into and execute international agreements?  Could you then examine the proposed core elements of the new climate treaty/agreement/protocol – mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, and capacity-building …

Could you please gather various mentions of the 1.5 degree target in various UNFCCC documents? Some say 2 degree OR 1.5 degree whilst others refer to it as ‘with reference to’,’ leading towards’ etc. What would be the best way of capturing this without using “OR”? Advice:  The long-term global goal is currently 2°C degrees, …

If and to what extent does the process of submitting Intended Nationally Determined Contributions that reflect states’ voluntary efforts to address climate change conflict with the science-based approach under public international law? Summary: The science-based approach under the UNFCCC does not affect the validity or political relevance of voluntary …

What is the meaning of additionality under the Framework Convention and the Kyoto Protocol? Advice: Additionality refers to two areas of the negotiations: the additionality of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reductions, and the additionality of financial contributions of developed countries in respect of mitigation and adaptation. Mitigation additionality …