In this briefing paper, we set out our views on the following questions: What is a compliance / enforcement mechanism? What is its purpose and why is it important? Where would be the most appropriate place in the LCA text for such a mechanism (which deals with finance and mitigation by developed country parties only) […]

This paper sets out the operation of the Kyoto Compliance Mechanism including a brief overview of the facilitative and enforcement branches, how non-compliance with QELRC is determined and the consequences of non-compliance with those targets.

How are non-party provisions used in international agreements? How have they been used and what are some examples? It is generally recognised that a treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third State without its consent. An obligation arises for a third State from a provision of a treaty only if the […]

1. What is “MRV”? 2. How does MRV differ from compliance and enforcement? 3. What is ICA? How does ICA relate to MRV? 4. How does MRV function under the Kyoto Protocol, and what elements are involved?  5. To what issues in the UNFCCC negotiations does MRV relate? Are there already provisions for MRV in […]

Is there any hierarchy between the laws of the UNFCCC, ICAO and IMO, so that States can comply with the laws of the UNFCCC and, as long as they are in compliance with the laws of the UNFCCC, then States need not comply with the laws of ICAO/IMO?  Summary There is no hierarchy as such […]